Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 34

Diary - Assignment Example example, in U.S.A Mendoza exposes how the administration passed laws that preclude specialists from leading halfway birth premature birth in spite of the risks of dead hatchling (Mendoza 625). Mendoza feels that more ought to be done to lessen premature deliveries and fetus removal occurrences and its results. She contends that specialists ought to be increasingly learned in D &Es in expulsion of dead baby from the belly without including their patients’ confusions, which is through harming separate organs or contaminations. In doing some exploration, looking for friends’ feelings and sponsorship up her contention by refering to data from CDC. Mendoza discovers that in excess of 66,000 ladies in the US should experience express crippling and agonizing fetus removal encounters generally between 13 to 20 weeks while other 4000 prematurely deliver every year yet they don't get legitimate heath care and treatment (Mendoza 625). Mendoza has not digressed from unique substance where she discusses wellbeing and medication just as those we concentrated during a week ago. She backs up her contention from differed studies’ information like CDC, American Journal where she tells about difficulties and issues ladies experience at the latest conveying. Subsequently she accepts that ladies are at a more serious danger of fractional birth fetus removal (Mendoza 626). Accordingly looking on how Mendoza has contended in this article, in view of her own understanding and refering to data from different sources she fits appropriately on different articles on wellbeing and medication that I have perused from the previous few

Coaching free essay sample

My enthusiasm has consistently been playing volleyball, however it was detracted from me with one jump, which brought about a separated shoulder. From that point forward, I have changed my energy from playing volleyball to instructing it. At the point when I strolled into the rec center, one arm hanging in a sling, every one of the 10 sets of eyes changed their consideration regarding me. Never having played the children didn't have the foggiest idea acceptable behavior. After I clarified I had been playing volleyball for a long time and this was my first year training, practice began. Immediately, I saw unsuitable prodding and harassing. As I approached the crying kid on the ground I asked him, â€Å"What’s wrong?† He highlighted a partner, â€Å"They kicked me† he said in one wail. I halted practice in a flash and united my group. I said I was finished with the tormenting and on the off chance that it happened once more, I would call home and give them a one ga me suspension. We will compose a custom article test on Instructing or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page To the children being tormented, I was a companion. I helped them through it, made it stop, and showed them how to manage it. They were not hesitant to act naturally around me and would even come to me with their issues, rather than concealing them. In the case of something wasn't right, they confided in me to discover an answer, and to do it in a way that would not humiliate them or result in more issues. Through instructing volleyball, I showed my competitors cooperation, fellowship, and difficult work. Playing admirably is just a single part of the game, and I helped cause my players to succeed as colleagues, yet as competitors and companions. For the remainder of the school year my sibling, who is their educator there, disclosed to me the children improved. Through instructing I have figured out how to hold my cool under tension and ensure I pick the correct choice for every circumstance so I don’t wind up exacerbating things. I have likewise figured out how to help show o thers and cause them to succeed.

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed Do Alumni Connections Help

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed Do Alumni Connections Help Do alumni connections help get you accepted into an MBA program?   From time to time, we at mbaMission visit admissions officers at top schools, which gives us the opportunity to ask rather frank questions. On a visit to a top-five program, we pushed an admissions officer on the extent of alumni influence in the admissions process and ultimately received a surprising response: “We get ten letters each year from [a globally famous alumnus], telling us that this or that MBA candidate is the greatest thing since sliced bread. He gets upset when we don’t admit ‘his’ applicants, but what makes him think that he deserves ten spots in our class?” Many MBA applicants fret about their lack of alumni connection with their target schools, and the myth abounds that  admission to business school  is about  who you know, not who you are or what you can offer. Of course, these latter qualities are more important, and a standout applicant who knows no graduates at all from the school he/she is targeting is still a standout applicant and should get inâ€"just as a weak applicant who knows a large number of alumni or a particularly well-known graduate is still a weak applicant and should not get in. Clearly, some extreme exceptions exist where influence can be exerted, but the “standard” applicant need not worry that every seat at the top programs has been claimed by someone with good connections, before he/she even applies. Keep in mind that the admissions committees want to ensure that a diversity of ideas and experiences is represented in the classroom. Every top MBA class includes  people from different socioeconomic backgrounds, nationalities, religions, professional backgrounds, ages, etc.   Harvard has approximately 900 students in each incoming class, and the vast majority of these students do not personally know a CEO or the president of a country. And who knowsâ€"these days, such connections  could even be a liability. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed

Mediated Genomic Editing Techniques Used By Bacteria And...

Crispr-Cas9 Mediated Genomic Editing Techniques In Animal Cells Sarcinella, Cody 705, Review Paper Introduction Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) are an immune response evolved by bacteria and archea as an adaptive defense mechanism to invading DNA. (4) The CRISPR Cas9 system relies on the uptake of invading DNA fragments that are then inserted into CRISPR loci. (4) In the CRISPR loci, repeats are separated by nucleotide spacers which match and or composed of invading DNA.(4) New spacer DNA is incorporated by Cas1 and Cas2.(4) The CRISPR spacer loci then transcribe into short CRISPR RNAs (crRNA) which anneal to foreign nucleic acids in conjunction with complementary binding trans-activating cr RNA(tracrRNA) to form a duplex which is then cleaved to provide a guiding RNA cr/tracr RNA hybrid.(4) the RNA hybrid acts as a guiding mechanism for Cas9 by complementary binding to the invading nucleotides.(4) Cas9 is an endonuclease that can cause a double stranded cleave in DNA(4) Cas9 guided with sgRNA then cleaves the foreign D NA resulting in double stranded breaks effectively disrupting and thereby removing a gene.(1)(2)(3)(4) After a ds break occurs cellular machinery attempts to fix the break with non homologous end joining in which cellular systems effectively sutures the broken ends of the DNA by recombining the remaining ends of DNA to once again produce a continuous strand.(4) This

The Civil War America s Historical Consciousness

America. Whether fighting our parents or foes overseas, the American people have been faced with numerous conflicts. However, the one that stands out the most in the bloody history that is American war, is the Civil War; but what is the Civil War? Dr. James McPherson, in his article entitled â€Å"A Brief Overview of the American Civil War,† states that, â€Å"The Civil War is the central event in America s historical consciousness. While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind of nation it would be. The war resolved two fundamental questions left unresolved by the revolution: whether the United States was to be a dissolvable confederation of sovereign states or an indivisible nation with a sovereign national government; and whether this nation, born of a declaration that all men were created with an equal right to liberty, would continue to exist as the largest slaveholding country in the world. (McPherson)† To reiterate, it was a war that decided the fate of government and slave standpoint within the country. One fantastic writers whom describes these stories in fiction texts links certain traits among each other. Stephen Crane, a writer of American literature, writes vividly about the war that bloodied American soil, even though--as Donna Campbell states-- â€Å"Crane was born in 1871, six years after the war ended. (Campbell)† His unique writing style involved asking questions about the characters within the works heShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War : A Central Event Of America s Historical Consciousness Essay1412 Words   |  6 Pages Civil War Professor Lenza Zachary Blaisdell 12/6/16 â€Æ' The Civil War is a central event of America s historical consciousness. Whereas the revolution from 1776 to 1783 created the United States, it was decided what kind of country it will be after the civil war. This war solved the two fundamental problems that were not solved by the revolution: whether the United States is an indivisible state of a union of sovereign countries or a state sovereign state. Northern victory in the war abolishedRead MoreBlack Movements Of America By Cedric J. Robinson1530 Words   |  7 Pages Black Movements In America is written by Cedric J. Robinson, who is a professor of Black Studies and Political Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Robinson traces the emergence of Black political cultures in the United States from slave resistance in the sixteenth and seventeenth century to the civil rights movement of the present. He also focuses on Black resistance which was forged from a succession of quests such as The return to Africa; escape and alliances with anti-colonialRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes And His Harlem Dream1639 Words   |  7 Pagesto north of the United States in an event called the Great Migration. Many Southern African-Americans migrated to a place called Harlem and this is where the Harlem renaissance originated from. The Harlem renaissance began just after the first world war and lasted into the early years of the great depression. Harlem became the cynosure for blues and jazz and birthed forth a Negro Artist era called the Harl em Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance brought about uniqueness and the celebration of individualityRead MoreLaw Enforcement : The United States Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesdesigned in the early 1800’s by a man named Robert Peal, which is why cops are sometimes referred to as Bobbies in England; designing an organization of law enforcement that would protect people from harming other people (Christ). This was the model that we based our western law enforcement agencies on, until prohibition became a federal task in the 1920’s. This is when the federal government decided to take up the task of protecting people from themselves. Fast forward to the 1960’s; President RichardRead MoreAn Interview For The New York Times By Philip Roth1521 Words   |  7 PagesYork Times, Philip Roth stated, Even more potent was the impact of the Vietnam War. That was the most shattering national event of my adulthood. A brutal war went on and on-- went on longer than even that other great milestone, World War II- and brought with it social turbulence unlike anything since the Depression.† A self-described member of the most propagandized generation†, a product of World War II rhetoric, Cold War containment, and mass media, Philip Roth viewed the turbulence of the 1960sRead MoreThe Black Slave Codes, Jim Crow Laws, And Color Line1376 Words   |  6 PagesEspecially considering the Civil Rights Movement was over 50 years ago. â€Å"IT IS NO ACCIDENT that the pivotal Supreme Court decision launching the modern civil rights movement was an education case -- the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling.† (Leadership Conference) For America present day, the change in race relation has changed, â€Å"technically† for no longer are acts of hatred as blatantly open and accepted; while they still do exist they are not as common and frequently exposed as appropriateRead MoreThe Japanese American Citizens League965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Japanese American Citizens League, also known by the acronym JACL, is a Nisei organization founded in 1929 with the initial goal of lobbying for Japanese-American Civil Rights while promoting the integration of citizens into American culture. Since its inception the JACL has expanded its mandate to focus on lobbying for the Civil Rights of all Asian-American citizens and protecting Japanese-American cultural heritage. The JACL is considered one of the oldest and one of the most influential nationalRead MoreThe Breakdown Of The New Jim Crow Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesof The New Jim Crow Some say that nothing is ever truly brought to an end and that everything that once was will be again. That seems to be the case when discussing Michelle Alexander s The New Jim Crow, a nonfiction book that argues that Jim Crow has reemerged in the mass incarceration of black people in America. Originally, the name for this era we know as Jim Crow was inspired by a racist character played by Thomas Dartmouth Daddy Rice. During the 1800s, Rice would dress in blackface andRead MoreEasy Rider: a Pursuit of American Identity1359 Words   |  6 Pagesidentity in America, in the midst of paranoia, bigotry and violence. The story, of filmmakers Fonda/Hopper creation, centers around the self-styled, counter-cultured, neo-frontiersmen of the painfully fashionable late 60s. As for the meaning of Easy rider, Peter Fonda (Wyatt) said in an interview with Rolling Stone magazine,  ¡Ã‚ §it is a southern term for a whore ¡Ã‚ ¦s old man, not a pimp, but a dude who lives with a chick. Because heà ‚ ¡Ã‚ ¦s got the easy ride. Well, that ¡Ã‚ ¦s what ¡Ã‚ ¦s happened to America, man. Liberty ¡Ã‚ ¦sRead MoreAnalysis of the Black Church: Black Theology and Racial Empowerment1800 Words   |  8 Pagesbe obedient and submissive to their masters, and that that was the will of God. In his article Black Consciousness and the Black Church: A Historical and Theological Interpretation, James Cone examines whether the African-American Church and calls into question whether or not it has truly evolved and separated itself from the traditionally pacifistic ways of the Anglo-Saxon and Post-Civil War black church. He is arguing whether or not the Black church meets the basic need of African-American to

Compare and contrast the view that ‘An Arrest’ is a tale...

Compare and contrast the view that An Arrest is a tale of nature rejecting a human villain with the view that it is concerned only with a vengeful superego ‘An Arrest’ is an ambiguous story. You can look at it in different ways. One way to see it is as a tale of nature rejecting a human villain. This view is put forward right from the beginning. When the narrator uses words such as â€Å"confined† and â€Å"fugitive† to describe the state of Orrin Brower, he creates the image of an animal isolated from human society. This is because ‘confined’ is usually a word to do with animals or mad people who are not allowed to be in contact with humans Further evidence to support the argument of Orrin Brower being portrayed as a savage beast comes†¦show more content†¦This shows that despite how he has been treated and what he believes, Brower is still human. The reader is pulled up short by the adverb ‘suddenly’; we become aware that the ‘road’ represents man’s intrusion into nature; it is a turning point in the story. Here, Brower meets a strange figure; ‘there before him saw, indistinctly the figure of a man, in the gloom’ which, because of the description Bierce uses, makes it hard for the reader to picture him- suggesting that the figure is less than a real person. The narrator says that â€Å"the two stood there like trees,† which is ironic as they are the complete opposite; they are not things which blend in with the forest, such as trees, they stand out as they do not belong there. This also suggests that the figure is more a part of nature than Brower as it is ‘indistinct’- it blends in with the trees rather than standing out. We know that the stranger is possibly not human as Bierce writes â€Å"The emotions of the other are not recorded† so he is acting inhumanly as humans show their emotions through actions and expressions. The figure could be a spirit conjured up by the forest to get rid of this human villain. This is hinted at when Bierce writes ‘the moon sailed into a patch o f unclouded sky and the hunted man saw the visible embodiment of law’ whichShow MoreRelatedTale of Two Cities4458 Words   |  18 Pagess Tale of Two Cities – Study Guide Questions 2008 Use these over the course of your reading. They are very helpful if you use them!! Book I: Recalled to Life Book I, Chapter 1: The Period 1. What is the chronological setting of this opening chapter? What clues enable us to determine The Period? 2. How does Dickens indicate the severity of social conditions in both France and England? 3. Who is the king with a large jaw and a queen with a plain face? 4. How does DickensRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesreferred to as the focal character) is pitted against some object outside himself, or internal, in which case the issue to be resolved is one within the protagonist’s psyche or personality. External conflict may reflect a basic opposition between man and nature (such as in Jack London’s famous short story â€Å"To Build a Fire† or Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea†) or between man and society (as in Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man†). It may also take the form of an opposition betweenRead MoreDiscuss the Caretaker as A Comedy of Menace.6631 Words   |  27 Pagespatronage of the characters on the part of the merrymakers, and thus participating is avoided. This laughter is in fact a mode of precaution, a smoke-screen, a refusal to accept what is happening as recognizable (which I think it is) and instead to view the actors (a) as actors always and not as characters and (b) as chimpanzees. From this kind of neasy jollification I must, of cause, dissociate myself, thought I do think you were unfortunate in your choice of evening. As far as Im concerned, TheRead Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 Pageshe wants Thebans to know that he is a firm ruler. Thus he sentences his own niece, Antigone, to death for defying his law. Climax The climax of the play occurs during the encounter between Creon and Antigone. It is a scene marked by dramatic contrast. Here one can see the incompatibility between Creon’s world of physical power (which he takes to be absolute) and the world of spiritual, idealistic strength which Antigone represents. Creon’s vanity is hurt and his anger aroused by the stubbornRead MoreTEFL Assignment Answers23344 Words   |  94 Pagesprovide a specific example. â€Å"Writing/Discussion exercise.† I am a fan of the visual artist Kehinde Wiley. His art is vivid in color and quixotic in color. Therefore, these visuals are able to spark emotion and subsequent discussion from those that view his pieces. I would spend half of my brief talk-time on introducing the artist and his art—and then I would provide students with the opportunity to write a paragraph critique of the art. After the writing time, I would provide time for verbal discussionRead MoreThe Label Gang : A Study Of 1313 Gangs Essay6194 Words   |  25 Pagesor display disapproval for their group. This disapproval may or may not stem from delinquent activities, and Thrasher was careful not to include delinquency in his definition of gangs. Instead, Thrasher argued that gangs facilitate delinquency. In contrast, other scholars distinguish gangs as delinquent groups. Malcolm Klein (1995) defines a gang as a group that recognizes itself as a gang, is recognized by the community as a gang, and is committed to a criminal orientation. Finn-Aage Esbensen (2000)Read MoreResearch Report on Impact of Time Management11320 Words   |  46 Pagesinstitution. The terminology used to gauge public support also varies widely, with questions asking about whether respondents â€Å"approve of† or â€Å"trust† the police, have â€Å"confidence in† or â€Å"respect for† the police, or whether they â€Å"support† or have â€Å"favorable† views of the police. What makes these terms â€Å"general† is that the criteria or standards of performance remain unspecified. They do not ask the public to focus on either police processes or outcomes. The person answering this question could in good conscienceRead More Psychedelic Drugs (aka Psychedelics) Essay6131 Words   |  25 Pagesinclude meditation, hypnosis, sleep deprivation, and (what will be discussed here) psychoactive drugs, more specifically psychedelic drugs. Although in the modern world such drugs have developed an almost taboo status, it is impossible to ignore the tales of enlightenment reported by ancient cultures and even those rebels that use such drugs illegally today. While the American government has been one of the main influences on todayamp;#8217;s societyamp;#8217;s negative attitudes towards psychedelicRead MoreEssay about Happy Endings True Love8166 Words   |  33 Pagesunited final couple) is, at least in the Hollywood musical (Altmans point of departure and a genre whose narratives share a great deal in common with those of the romantic comedy) that beyond which there is no more (Altman. 1981, 197): It arrests discourse and projects the narrative into an undifferentiated `happily ever after. The comic equivalent of apocalypse, marriage represents a timeless, formless state in American mythology. (ibid, 197) This timeless happy ending perpetuatesRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesand provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly

Cement Industry free essay sample

UAE is one of the prospering economies of the world whose per capital income is in par with some of the most developed nations of Europe. This is attributable to the oil revenues and the booming real estate market. This boom created a base for competition in the country market from different sectors like industrial sector especially mentioned the â€Å"Cement Industry†. Cement industry is fast growing due to the growing real estate market in the country and especially in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. At present, there are nine cement factories in United Arab Emirates and they produce 8. 5 million tons of cement every year. The emirate of Ras Al Khamah is the largest cement producer in United Arab Emirates. In our report, we studied the cement industry in UAE and analyzed them financially for the years from 2008 to 2010. Assuming that three main cement producers in the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah will represent the whole cement market as they are the biggest cement producers according to the economic publications and their level of productions. We will write a custom essay sample on Cement Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The analysis included Union Cement Company (UCC), Gulf Cement Company (GCC) and Ras Al Khaima Cement Company (RAKCC). The choice of the companies based on the similarity of their core business and productions activities beside the fact that they all listed in Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange market (ADX) giving us the opportunity for fair comparison. Financial analysis for the companies based on their published annual financial reports in ADX has been conducted to check their financial performance for the years from 2008 to 2010. The analysis take in consideration the corporate governance mechanism conducted in each company to check the effectiveness of the corporate governance on their financial performance in the market. Assuming the average of the three companies will represent the market, an overall ranking of the best company in the market is conducted based on financial analysis ratios and their corporate governance mechanism implemnted.

How to Choose a Domain Name 4 Steps to Pick the Perfect Name

Struggling with how to choose a domain name? Picking the right domain name is one of the most important things youll do for your website. In addition to defining your site, your domain name will communicate important information to both human visitors and search engine bots.Fortunately, there are a few reliable methods you can use to make your domain name as effective as possible. For example, you can research strong keywords to incorporate into your content, use a blog name generator to get ideas, and base your ultimate decision on some important criteria.In this post, we’ll walk you through how to choose a domain name that will benefit your site using four simple steps and some helpful tools. only thing that affects your sites success, there are tons of reasons  it’s important to choose a domain name carefully:A unique, memorable name is more likely to stick with visitors and encourage them to return.Your domain name can immediately give new visitors (or search engi ne users) an idea of what your site is all about.Domain names have an impact on Search Engine Optimization (SEO).Changing your domain name after creating your site can lead to time-consuming complications.Names have power – this is as true for a website as for anything else. Picking the right domain name should therefore be a careful process, and you’ll want to consider all of your options before settling on a winner.How to choose a domain name for your WordPress website (in 4 steps)Obviously, we can’t tell you what domain name is right for your specific website. However, we can walk you through the process of making a careful, well thought-out selection.These arent absolute rules domain names arent a science (you never wouldve come up with Google.com by following these rules!) but they are great best practices for  most websites.Step 1: Choose one or more keywords that represent your siteThere are a lot of ways to start generating ideas for a domain name. Y ou can simply base your site’s domain on your own name, or on your existing business. However, a key ingredient of a truly effective domain name is a strong keyword.Using keywords in your domain name is smart for the same reasons using them in your content is. The SEO benefits can bring in more traffic by helping your site rank more highly in search engine results. Plus, keywords can help potential visitors better understand your site’s focus and niche.Fortunately, the process of researching keywords for your domain name is the same as finding effective keywords for other uses. You can use tools like Google Keyword Planner and KWFinder to search for terms that have both a high search volume and (ideally) low competition. Just remember that in this case, you’re looking for a keyword that represents your website and content as a whole.Step 2: Use a domain name generator to browse your optionsOnce you have a few keyword options, it’s time to brainstorm ideas for your domain name. While you can do this without any special tools, its often difficult because youll keep running into names that are already taken.Using a domain name generator like Domain Wheel will help simplify the process by both brainstorming for you and making sure that all its suggestions are actually available for purchase:All you need to do is visit the website and enter a keyword into the search box. To illustrate this, let’s imagine that you’re starting an advice blog about how to train dogs. For your keyword, you’ve settled on â€Å"dog training†. Entering that term into the search bar will return these results:As you can see, there are lots of variations to choose from. If you don’t like any of them, you can try a slightly different keyword, or scroll down for random ideas and keyword suggestions. We suggest taking your time and coming up with a few solid options, so you can narrow them down in the next step.Step 3: Select the be st domain name based on some simple criteriaAt this point, you’re ready to narrow down your shortlist and finish out the process of how to choose a domain name. Part of this process is subjective – after all, it’s important to choose a domain name you like. However, there are also some simple criteria you can use to make the decision easier.For best results, you’ll want to pick a domain name that is:Concise and clear.  Long and confusing names are harder to remember and easier to mistype.Creative and memorable.  The more unique you can make your domain name (while keeping it clear and concise), the more memorable it will be.Easy to read and pronounce.  Avoid numbers and special characters because theyre confusing when spoken aloud. Its also worth asking your friends to pronounce it as well, so you avoid accidentally ending up on this list.Finally, it’s also important to carefully consider your domain name’s Top-Level Domain (TLD).In si mple terms, this is the part at the end – .com, .org, .net, and so on. For many sites, .com is the best choice, since it’s what most visitors will expect and is easiest to remember. However, its getting harder and harder to find quality  .com  domain names, and users are becoming more accustomed to other extensions. So if you absolutely love a non-.com name, go ahead and buy it.The only thing to be careful with is TLDs that apply to a specific region (like  .co.uk  or  .ca).  Google uses these to help goetarget websites, so only pick those extensions if you really do want Google to geotarget your site.Step 4: Register your new domain nameAfter settling on the right combination of keyword-based name and TLD, all you need to do is buy the domain name. The way you do this will often depend on the hosting provider you decide to use.You can usually purchase a domain name during the process of signing up for a hosting plan. In addition, you can buy a domain separ ately through a dedicated registrar or hosting company. If you’ve chosen a name using Domain Wheel, you can even use the View Details button to go straight to a checkout page:Of course, you don’t have to get your hosting and domain name from the same place. If you pick up a domain name elsewhere, you can still connect it to your new or existing site after the fact. How this works will depend on the web host youve chosen. You should check out your provider’s documentation or ask their support team for assistance when making the transfer.Final thoughts on how to choose a domain nameLearning how to choose a domain name for your site can seem intimidating at first. After all, it’s a very important decision. However, you’ll find that with a little research and the right tools, the process is surprisingly approachable.To choose a domain name for your website, all you need to do is follow these four steps:Choose one or more keywords that represent your si te.Use a domain name generator to browse your options.Select the best domain name based on some simple criteria.Register your new domain name.Do you have any questions about how to choose a domain name that’s right for your website? Ask us in the comments section below! How to choose a #domain name for your #WordPress site: 4 simple steps

Circular Quay essays

Circular Quay essays Circular Quay is one of the most new and exciting places to be. For many years this was the shipping centre of Sydney, but it's now both a commuting hub and a recreational space, combining ferry quays, a railway station and the Overseas Passenger Terminal with harbour walkways, restaurants, buskers, parks, the Museum of Contemporary Art and, of course, the Sydney Opera House. Its also a growing environment for the public and a great place for new shop owners to open up their business. Although it is catching on extremely well, it does have some disadvantages such as, poor water quality, blockage of light and loss of public space. Circular Quay is an excellent example of urban renewal and in some parts urban consolidation. This is a great example because this area was declining at a steady rate until council took it upon themselves to rebuild this once dead area and increase its public access, by train and ferry. Public is also enticed to socialize with harbour views from the shoreline of the bay. Restaurants and night clubs also play a big part of entertaining people and are respected because of Circular Quay's high and expensive reputation. During the excursion we took a number of measurements to help us understand more about the site. Here are our results. Noise Level- 84.7, this is relatively high. I think this is cause of the number of ferries, buses and public about at all times of the day. Wind Speed- 0-3km/h, this is a low wind speed but it is variable. The cause of this is most likely to be the amount of buildings in a small area causing blockages. Light Intensity- 426, the area affected by overshadowing is a whopping 7500sq-mts. The only cause of this large overshadowing would again be the amount of buildings in the area. Location- Circular Quay is built around Sydney Cove and is considered ...

Managing Human Resouces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Human Resouces - Essay Example ty, than the last one is Personal Objective, it is assumed to be the core purpose of HR and that is to assist employees in reaching their own goals and helping and assuring their contribution in the success of the organization it self. Lets move onto few more important steps of HR. "To raise productive efficiency and to improve the physical and mental conditions under which people work. The two goals are related in the sense that better working conditions may raise productivity, but this does not always happen. The emphasis differs among countries and among enterprises. Quality circles, for example, are designed primarily to raise productivity, while safety and health measures may be directed toward improving the working environment, even at the expense of output"(Galenson, 47: 1991). The most important thing to do in life is "Work" and one cannot do any such work in a long term, which is affecting the personal issues, it can be very difficult for someone to actually work an entire life with in same circumstances which are making life even more terrible rather than fulfilling the needs of that individual, the stress is inevitable in the lives of each and every one of us and just simply cannot move out of it though there are numerous ways through which we can reduce stress in life, it is all about managing and brining a balance in life and work, if the balance can be found than it would involuntarily bring stress under control. According to Cooper in 1999, "there is a considerable amount of activity in the field of stress Management, it is disproportionally concentrated on reducing the effects of stress, rather than reducing the presence of stressors at work"(p. 1). It is important to know the relationship between the work and stress, how could some one work effectively if he/she knows that in coming weak he/she would be fired How could someone work effectively if someone after knowing that in the next 48 hours he/she would have to work continuously because of some sudden problem We all simply can understand the basics required to live a healthy life. The stress and work has a direct relation with each other, the stress created by work is usually based on three characteristics of human nature, couple of them has been discussed but they are more formally known as Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt, these points are the results of previous redundancies or the happening things around such as change in company policies and change in the organization's culture, in the modern days Human Resources have gained more

Summarize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Summarize - Essay Example Martha McCaskey’s task in the Silicon 6 project is not an easy one. She is under intense pressure from the senior management to have the project completed and an action plan delivered to the client. The pressure calls her to make personal sacrifices as well as compromises. She is even considering paying someone to do the project for them, only that it emerged successful. The client too has a great reputation; therefore, the firm cannot take chances with the project. The client is a manufacturer of semi-conductors from California, the issue at hand was that the company wanted to identify the technologies and the cost regime of a new product (chip) that has been produced by client’s competitors. Martha’s job is to coordinate the activities that will foresee that their client obtains this information. She is tasked with the role of finding the information from another consultant, Phil Devon. The challenge is to have the consultant give her the information, Martha is doubtful. According to McCaskey, there are two possibilities that can be appropriate in the achievement of this task. Firstly, Phil Devon can be required to give a number of options on how the chips are produced, this would include the ones that are being produced by the competitor. She thought it would be a good strategy to eliminate any suspicion. However, this would come at a cost of additional funding from the client. The option also relied on the willingness of Devon to provide the information. Secondly, there was the option of leaving the task to Chuck Kaufmann, a senior associate from her firm. He was more experienced in seeking market intelligence information. Despite the option considered, the project would affect Martha in one way or another. She opted to have an interview with Devon; she called and had an early morning interview with a man who was willing to help with the information. However, Martha felt guilty for

Marketing Strategies of Starbucks analysis

Marketing Strategies of Starbucks analysis This report will analyze the current trends in the specialty coffee segment are explained the business and marketing strategy of. Formation of successful marketing plan is the key point for a company to gain the competitive advantage over its competitors. The marketing plan evaluates the strategies currently adopting by the company. But the main theme of this report is to focus mainly on company marketing strategies with the help of SWOT Analysis, An off Growth Matrix, Boston Consulting Group Matrix, 4s. We will also try highlighting the company short term goals objectives, and how it can be achieved in the future. Starbucks coffee Company represents an excellent example of a company that has successfully marketed an experience. Moreover, its marketing strategies provide examples of positioning, image development, merchandizing, pricing, packaging, and market development. Starbucks success has helped propel the entire industry segment. The specialty gourmet coffee segment has been rapidly growing since the early 1990s. According to the specialty coffee Association, specialty coffee beverage retail outlets (gourmet coffee shops) increased over tenfold in past decade. Their locations are expected to double by 2015. The growth of this segment was stated and accelerated mainly by Starbucks coffee. Starbucks is the leader in this segment and is becoming one of the most well known international brands in the hospitality industry, as with Hilton and McDonalds. Starbucks opened its first shop in Seattle in 1971. Howard Schultz, the chairman, joined Starbucks in 1982 and introduced the Italian espresso bar concept in 1984. Becoming a public company in 1992. Starbucks accelerated the expansion of business with new capital. Starbucks has over 3,000 outlets in the United States and internationally and is rapidly opening new stores via joint ventures with local companies. Now Starbucks is the biggest coffeehouse chain in the Globe with 8,505 company-owned and 6,505 licensed stores in 42 countries, making a total of 15,011 stores worldwide. Starbucks sells espresso-based hot drink, drip brewed coffee fruit bottled, coupled with pastries, snacks, salads, coupled with sandwiches soups, other cold and hot drink. Competency of star bucks: To summarize, Starbucks has a high reputation for quality because of the following: The company goes to extreme lengths to buy the very finest Arabica coffees available on world markets, regardless of price. The companys freshness and quality are legendary. Beans that are held in bins for more than a week are donated to charity. Every piece of coffee-brewing equipment that is sold has been tested and evaluated. Each Starbucks employee is extensively trained to ensure that customers receive knowledgeable service. Mission Statement: To establish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles as we grow. The following six Guideline Principles will help us measure the appropriateness of our decisions: Provide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity. Embrace diversity as an essential component in the way we do business. Apply the highest standard of excellence to the purchasing roasting and fresh delivery of our customer. Develop enthusiastically satisfied customer all of the time. Contribute positively to our communities and our environment. Recognize that profitability is essential to our future success. Starbucks has the following core values: Provide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity. Embrace diversity as an essential component in the way we do business. Apply the highest standards of excellence to the purchasing, roasting and fresh delivery of our coffee. Develop enthusiastically satisfied customers all of the time. Contribute positively to our communities and our environment. Focus all resources to their coffee shop operation because they want to best serve for their customer. Encourage new and innovative ideas akin to maintain competitive growth. Dedicated thier self to continuous achievement in sales, profit and size of organization Market Demographics: The profile for the starbucks customer consists of the following geographic, demographic, and behavior factors: Geographic: The geographic survey may include the identification of total number of population, in society and total number of target customer in which you are operating (Lanchester, Massingham, Ashford 2002). The immediate geographic target market for starbucks is the total population of the UK which is 60,776,238 approximately. The specific targeted market of Starbucks is mostly the Employee of offices, students of schools, colleges, and universities. Demographics: Targeting adults and young adults is a good mechanism for Starbucks because this age level has the same interests as the foundation that promotes arts, culture, education, and the environment (starbucks.com). The company satisfies their customers through their advertising, support programs and, of course, their coffee. Psychographic: The people who want to enjoy a totally different coffee experience, they go to starbucks as it is positioned a completely different coffee shop. MARKET NEEDS: Starbucks has still succeed in providing a good quality coffee in wide rang plus snacks option for their cusotmer.Starbucks looking for perform the following benefits that are important to their customers: Selection: Starbucks want to excel on their competitors theory make easy availability of coffee and snacks in all of its shop, which not available at the larger, dominant coffee chains. Accessibility: Almost all kinds of coffee are exist from starbucks centrally located storefront. Customer service: The client will be daunted with the level of attention that they receive. Competitive pricing: Because it is highly competitive market, so the price of all range of coffee and other products should be price competitive. SITUATION ANALYSIS OF STARBUCKS: The company situation analysis is used at the business level to determine the strategic issues and problems that need to be addressed through the next three steps of the strategic planning process. Starbucks has own very good different kinds of strength to dominant in this industry make it to differentiate to others one in this market. This are the strength, those help starbucks to achieve their targets and desire goals. These are the stratbucks some important characteristics or strengths. STRENGHTS: Strong Brand Recognition Large retail distribution system Quality product Extensive product list Good supplier relationship Strong financial history Strong human resources WEAKNESSES: Even though starbucks posses a number of strengths but it also has some weakness too. starbucks needs to overcome on and deal them for remaining the top position in this competitive market. These are the s following list of starbucks weaknesses: Dependence on single source of business income Prices high relative to competition Strong dependence on suppliers Merchandise sales in stores OPPORTUNITIES: It is a fact that every company who enter in the market must have different kind of opportunities prevails in market. This is the important, how to recognize and make to strategy to acquire them, acquiring these opportunities is called success of company. Starbucks can more successes in market if they will be able to act upon these opportunities accordingly. The following new opportunities can help starbucks to success more in the future in the way of their business. Expansion into overseas markets Expansion into untapped U.K and worldwide markets Expansion of brand name into new products or business lines THREATS: Nobody knows about tomorrow. Especially for nowadays circumstances, world is changing dramatically. Some new threats are prevailing in the market with full swing of their effectiveness. Despite the fact of strong position of strabucks in the market, they are still need to keep eye on these threat get strong positioning and branding. These are the list of some very common internally and externally threats. Economic conditions may make consumers unwilling to pay high prices Political conditions abroad may limit expansion Increasing competition in coffee market May be reaching saturation point in some U.S markets Increase prices of raw material for coffee and other stuff BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP (BCG) MATRIX: In the mid-1960s the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) was founded to provide advice to strategic marketing planners. BCG developed a simple but useful strategic planning technique based on an analysis of a company product portfolio. The technique entail assigning each individual product of an organization to one of four possible cells in simple matrix according to the relative market share and rate of market growth associated with that particular product/business. (Essential of Marketing, Geoff, Lester, Ashford, 4th Ed, p382) In the BCG matrix, star quadrant is the most dominant place where the companies enjoy the high market growth and high market share. Thats why every company wants to stay in star quadrant. As STARBUCKS coffee shop is the renowned coffee chain in the world, thats why it clearly lies in the (STAR QUADRANT High Growth + High Share) because the annual sales of the company in last financial year 2009 are US $ 9.774 Million, moreover the coffee shop enjoying the highest market share as well in the coffee industry. ANSOFFS GROWTH MATRIX: An off has proposed the idea of product. Market scope to aid in the formulation and selection of strategies, particularly for those companies with growth objectives. The basic framework of this approach is the matrix comprises market on the vertical axis and on the horizontal axis products. In turn, each axis is subdivided into existing and new. Each cell of the matrix is form a different strategic alternative for achieving growth. (Essential of Marketing, Geoff, Lester, Ashford, 4th Ed, p380) In the ANSOFF growth matrix, the STARBUCKS coffee shop lies in the (MARKET EXPENSION Existing Product + New Market), because company is making very good profit in almost every coffee shop in different location of the world. Expending its coffee market in Middle East, and Asia could be very helpful for the companys profit because there is huge potential for the coffee market as there is no famous coffee shops in that part of the world. Just like recently they have opened their two coffee shops, one in China and other is in Kuwait. MARKETING MIX STRATEGY FOR STARBUCKS: The term marketing mix is attributed to the American Neil H. Borden and has been touched on several times in earlier chapters. As we have seen, the marketing mix consists of those marketing tools over which the marketer has control and therefore can vary in order to achieve overall marketing objective and strategies. (Essential of Marketing, Geoff, Lester, Ashford, 4th Ed, p380) In order to make appropriate strategies for gaining customers preferences and their loyalty, we need to understand as to how STARBUCKS Marketing Mix or 4 Ps have enabled the company to achieve superior customer satisfaction, and also in building a long-term relationship with its customers. Following are the some recommendations for STARBUCKS in relation with marketing mix: Frame Work of marketing Mix PRODUCT: Product is the bundle of benefits which the supplier offers to the purchaser. The particular set of benefits on offer will appeal to specific group of consumers: it is extremely unlikely that any product will appeal to everyone. Even products such as Coca-Cola, which is sold worldwide and is the worlds most recognized brand name has only a minority share of the soft drinks market. Many people simply dont like it, or think it is too expensive, or prefer other drinks which meet their needs better. Attempts to create a perfect product which suits everybody are likely to result in over complex, over expansive products, which is why product orientation has fallen into dispute. Decision that address the new product development process(innovation management), licensing strategies with potential partners, intellectual property rights, services provided to augment the revenue stream from base products product name/brand decisions ,development of complementary products by partners, creation of industry standards, packaging, and so forth, the critical need is to develop a stream of products with the right set of features to satisfy customer needs in a compelling yet simple fashion.( jakki j. Mohr, Sanjit Sengupta, Stanley Slater,2000, p7) In Starbucks they made purely their products to satisfying the needs of the customer, and they made coffee with the finest coffee ingredients of the world. The different range of coffee and snacks offered by STARBUCKS are as follow: ESPRESSO: Coffee Latte, Cappuccino, Vanilla Latte, Coffee Americano, Espresso COFFEE HOUSE FAVOURITES Caramel Hot Chocolate, Coffee Misto, Classic Hot Chocolate, Signature Hot Chocolate, Freshly Brewed coffee FRAPPUCCINO: Cinnamon Dolce, Java Chip, Espresso, Coffee, Caramel SPRING FAVOURITES: Cinnamon Dolce Latte, Caramel Macchiato PRICE: Price is the total cost the customers of buying the product. It therefore goes beyond the simple monetary costs: customers also consider the difficulty of purchase, the cost of ownership of the product, and even the embarrassment factor of owing the wrong brand. Some product has psychological association which customers find costly. (Essential of Marketing, Geoff, Lester, Ashford, 4th Ed, p380) Decisions that establish price points for the company products, and address issues related cost to produce/manufacturer the good, margins along the distribution channel, competitors prices (pricing relative to a specific firm market position), customer value, total cost of ownership for the customer, price for product bundles, and profitability.( .( jakki j. Mohr, Sanjit Sengupta, Stanley Slater,2000, p8). Price is the only element of the marketing mix that produces revenue, As such; it serves a tactical as well as an economic role for an organization 9Holloway and Robison 1995). The price charged sends many signals about the likely value of the product being offered and, as such, must be commensurate with the quality of experience, Starbuckss product prices are relative high than others, because they target those people of society who give the preference on quantity. Following are the some prices of STARBUCKS famous products: ESPRESSO: Tall Grande Vent Coffee Latte  £2.05p  £2.40p  £2.65p Cappuccino  £2.05p  £2.40p  £2.65p Vanilla Latte  £2.35  £2.70p  £2.95p Coffee Americano  £1.75p  £1.90p  £2.05p Espresso  £1.20p  £1.40p  £1.55p COFFEE HOUSE FAVOURITES Caramel Hot Chocolate  £2.90p  £3.25p  £3.50p Coffee Misto  £1.95p  £2.35p  £2.55p Classic Hot Chocolate  £2.20p  £2.50p  £2.80p Signature Hot Chocolate  £2.65p  £3.00p  £3.25p Freshly Brewed coffee  £1.65p  £1.75p  £1.90p FRAPPUCCINO: Cinnamon Dolce  £3.05p  £3.25p  £3.45p Java Chip  £3.05p  £3.25p  £3.45p Espresso  £2.65p  £2.85p  £3.05p Coffee  £2.50p  £2.70p  £2.90p Caramel  £3.05p  £3.25p  £3.45p SPRING FAVOURITES: Cinnamon Dolce Latte  £2.70p  £3.05P  £3.30P Caramel Macchiato  £2.70P  £3.05P  £3.30P PLACE: Place is the location where the exchange takes place. This may be a retail store, it may be a catalogue, it maybe a restaurant, or it may be a website. Deciding on the appropriate place for the exchange is not merely a matter of movie goods around but is rather a strategic issue. The decisions revolve around making it as easy as possible for customers to find the good and make the purchase, and also using channels which give the appropriate image for the product. For example, retailing a product through discount stores gives a completely different impression from retailing a product through discount stores gives a completely different impression from retailing the same product through exclusive department stores. (Essential of Marketing, Geoff, Lester, Ashford, 4th Ed, p380) Now in case of Starbucks they mainly build their stores in the prime location of the city where they can easily attracts their desired customers who really want to enjoy the taste of coffee. Just like in UK they build their stores mainly in the shopping malls and town centers, Amusements Park, stadiums, airports etc. Now it is the need of the time that they should be concentrate to open their more stores in Middle East and Asia. PROMOTION: Promotion is such a large part of marketing that it is often mistaken for the whole of marketing. Promotion encompasses all the communication activities of marketing: advertising, public relations, and sales promotions, personal selling, and so forth. Promotion is not simply a hard sell, however: it is a way of meeting customers information needs, at least in part. It is also, to an extent, persuasive in that most marketing communication emphasis the good aspects of owning products and downplay the bad aspects. Starbucks nearly spends  £4.7 million every year for promotions. It is include the cost of print media, electronic media, indoor, outdoor media etc. The companys latest stunning plan is the Starbucks Card. You buy a re-chargeable card in the UK which can be used at coffee bars in the US, Canada, Australia and Thailand. The card will enhance the Starbucks experience for customers allowing them to buy their daily cup of coffee quickly and easily, even when they are not carrying cash. Recently company through an agreement between Starbucks, and T-Mobile the two companies have come up with a way to provide internet access at Starbucks location and high speed broadband for Starbucks customers as well. In addition, T-Mobile hot spot customers get to use the Starbucks stores as they do now. Moreover Starbucks spends millions of dollars internationally to protect the environment and global warming. DIVERCIFICATION: The major reason for a business adopting a strategy of diversification is therefore to allow it to reduce its dependence upon a single market area (W. Stewart Howe 1986 p 153). At a general strategic level An off suggests three reasons why firms diversify. First, their objectives cannot be achieved by continuing to operate in their existing markets. Thus, since continued operation in these markets is not able to diversify the profit, risk or growth objectives of the business, achievement of these must be sought in new market areas. Second, where a business has excess financial resources beyond those necessary to satisfy its expansion plan in its existing markets, then rather than retain these resources in liquid form of business may invest them in new markets areas. Third, if greater opportunities are presented to the firm in new market areas than accrue from its existing activities. Then a diversification program may be undertaken to benefit from these. There are tw o types of diversifications: RELATED DIVERSIFICATION UN-RELATED DIVERSICATION RELATED DIVERSIFICATION: Expending combining with firms in different, but related industry that are Strategic Fits. UNRELATED DIVERSIFICATION: Growing by combining with firms in un-related industries, where higher financial returns are possible. Now, if Starbucks want to diversify its business outside the industry, then the company should start a totally new business that is not from the same industry. For example Starbucks is a coffee shop, if they enter in the manufacturing business and start making cars, bikes etc that will be the perfect example of diversification. But the main focus of the Starbucks should be on their strategic business unit which is coffee shop. If they want to diversify their business within the same industry i.e. related diversification, then the Starbucks should combine their business with their competitors to launch new products. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: The franchiser/licenser remembers to provide a standard package of components, or ingredients together with management and marketing services, and advice. Since franchising involves the transfer of tangible, it can enable greater control of the operation for the originating manufacturer than licensing (Lancaster Massing ham Ashford 2002 p 437). Starbucks currently use three strategies for business in overseas. These strategies are as follow: 1: Joint ventures 2: Licenses 3: Company-Owned Operations. Mainly the company uses the company-owned shops for the business in other countries. RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE MARKETING PLAN OF STARBUCKS (3 YEARS): By analyzing the above whole information such as Swot analysis, An off analysis, BCG matrix, marketing mix, following should be the primary objectives of the marketing plan of Starbucks coffee shop for next 3 years: GOALS OR OBJECTIVES: Sales should be increased by 15 to 20% at least. In order to get increased sales, they should increase Gross Profit margin by 25%. Find more new markets especially in Middle East, and Asia. More strengthen their position as a worldwide coffee shop leader. Increase marketing budget by 15% In order to achieve the above future objectives, the Starbucks coffee shop should follow instructions: INTRODUCE SOME NEW PROMOTIONS: As Starbucks introduced a stunning promotion plan that is Starbucks re-chargeable card for purchasing coffee whether you have money or not at that time. Just like that company should develop a membership card especially for the students. Some discount should be offer to regular customer, and student to increase the detainment. NEW TARGER MARKETS: To maintain the top position in the coffee market, Starbucks should go and find some new coffee potential market. Just like there is great potential of new coffee shop especially in Asia, and Middle East, as there is no famous coffee shop. Where they can capture in new market, and got some handsome profit as well. MAINTAIN SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: The Starbucks coffee shop should maintain the competitive advantage that it has got over other coffee shops. In order to maintain leading position in the coffee market, the Starbucks should introduce innovative products after good intervals. INTRODUCE SOME INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS: To maintain the dominant position in the coffee market, it is necessary for the Starbucks that, they should introduce some really innovative products after good intervals. The induction of new products creates the brand loyalty among the customers. INCREASE MARKETING BUDGET: In any company market department play a vital rule in increasing the sales plus revenue. So It is very essential for the Starbucks to full fill the requirement of its Marketing Department whether its finically or non financially. So that they can performed its task potentially. Moreover they are some other resources too, thorough which a Starbucks increase the sales revenue. For example, they should conduct promotions Events, Held seminars and get the services of Global celebrities. DIVERCIFY THE BUSINESS: Diversification is a very important tool for maintaining overall position in any market. Starbucks cannot rely through limited niches products. They have to adopt t Diversification. Diversify the business in product-related items, or unrelated items to increase their revenues. IMPROVE THE PRODUCT QUALITY: To maintain the superb quality and taste of different products in Starbucks, the company should adopt the Total Quality Management tool, which means improve the products quality until the perfection, and there is no defect on product or zero defect products. EMPLOYEES TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT: Training and development of employees is an important task for the management in order to enhance the progress of company, and increase the sales, and produce the error free services. EMPLOYEES MOTIVATIONS: Employees motivation is very important for every organization to get good profit, and in order to maintain its position in the market. Good pay, and reward system is the best tool to motivate the employees. So Starbucks should try to give good pay and benefits to their employees during the job.

I Will Write Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow :: Personal Narrative Writing

I Will Write Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow "We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars." - Oscar Wilde Life, I think, if we could map it out on some sort of cosmic parchment, would be a tapestry of paths taken, woven in on each other in a tangle resembling nothing if not a spider web. Somewhere in the midst of these interlocking and twisting trails of all the ways I've gone, the ways I've planned to go and the roads I have abandoned I managed to find two trends that form a frame for all the other twists and turns that may come. These two trends, two paths that I'm currently in the midst of walking, are the practical-and-mired-in- reality realm of economics and the freer, more creative area of writing. When it came to this paper, to actually taking both and projecting them into the future, I found myself coming up against one specific question. How on earth can I wrap the two of them together, meld them into something that stands as a unit? The answer that I found, for now at least, is that they cannot be melded; each is too firmly intent on standing on its own. But this doesn't mean t hat they do not coincide again and again from time to time. Each has its future, separate from the other, but neither precludes the other. Neither stands completely isolated from the other. Even with the advances of technology and the changing trends that the world is bringing to bear with a vengeance, there's still a phenomenon that allows for the coexistence of such different and yet inextricable fields. 'E pluribus unum'--that's the slogan, right? I think it applies, and perhaps more importantly, that it will continue to apply. Economics, in the present is a hot topic for discussion. Everyone, from the attendant at the gas station to candidates for political office, has their opinions and theories about it all. Economics, in its simplest definition, is the study of human choices and decisions when unlimited wants meet limited or scarce resources. As far as I can tell, and as far as I've been told, we've yet to come up with a technology that eliminates this problem of scarcity, so it stands to reason that the field itself will exist in the coming decades. With that much established, little else is certain.

Stephen Kalong Case Review

STEPHEN KALONG NINGKAN V. TUN ABANG HAJI OPENG AND TAWI SLI FEDERAL COURT [KUCHING] OCJ HARLEY A-G (BORNEO), CJ [KUCHING CIVIL SUIT NO. K 45 OF 1966] 7 SEPTEMBER 1966 JUDGMENT Harley A-G (Borneo) CJ: The plaintiff was appointed Chief Minister of Sarawak on 22 July 1963. On 14 June 1966 there was a meeting of Council Negri at which, apart from the Speaker, plaintiff and twenty other members were present. Five members of the Sarawak United Peoples Party and one Machinda member, who normally behave as an opposition, were present among the total of 21 members.Of the 21 members, three were ex officio. Bills were. passed without opposition on that day. One of the members present, Abang Haji Abdulrahim bin Abang Haji Moasili, who gave evidence in this case, was a supporter of the plaintiff on 14 June and indeed up to 16 June. He says that as from the evening of 16 June he would not have supported the plaintiff. The fact remains that there has never been a motion of no confidence put in Coun cil Negri, nor has there been any defeat of a Government bill.On 14 June a letter was addressed from Kuala Lumpur to the Governor. It is accepted that this letter was signed by 21 persons who are members of Council Negri. (There are 42 members in all of Council Negri plus the Speaker. ) The author of the letter was Tan Sri Temenggong Jugah, Federal Minister for Sarawak Affairs (not a member of Council Negri). The letter reads as follows: Letter No. 1 â€Å"TOP SECRET c/o YB Enche Thomas Kana, Dewan Ra'ayat. Kuala Lumpur. 14hb June 1966. His Excellency, The Governor of Sarawak, The Astana, KUCHING.Your Excellency. We, the undersigned members of Council Negri Sarawak, beg to inform your Excellency that we no longer have any confidence in the Hon Dato' Stephen Kalong Ningkan to be our leader in the Council Negri and to continue as Chief Minister. 2. Since the Hon. Dato' Ningkan has mill to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the Council Negri, he is bound by artic le 7(1) of the Constitution of the State of Sarawak to tender the resignation of the members of Supreme Council. 3.We respectfully request your Excellency to take appropriate action under that article and to appoint a new Chief Minister pursuant to article 6(3) of the Constitution. Yours faithfully, (Signed) T JUGAH. (A list of names was attached. ) In the list attached to this letter, 25 names are set out. Against 21 of these names are signatures (in one case the signature is a â€Å"chop†). This letter was never shown to the plaintiff until after Court proceedings started. it was handed to the Governor (defendant 1) in Kuching on 16 June.The next letter from the Governor's private secretary to the plaintiff reads as follows: Letter No. 2 ASTANA, KUCHING, SARAWAK. Ref: GOV/SEC/144 16 June 1966. To The Honourable Dato' Stephen Kalong Ningkan, PNBS PDK Chief Minister, Sarawak. Dato', I am directed by his Excellency to inform you that his Excellency has received representations from members of Council Negri constituting the majority of the council, informing his Excellency, and his Excellency is satisfies, that you have ceased to command their confidence. 2.In order that the provisions under articles 7(1) and 6(3) of the Constitution of the State of Sarawak be complied with, his Excellency requires your presence forthwith at the Istana upon receipt of this letter to tender your resignation. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, (Signed) ABDUL KARIM BIN ABOL, Ag Private Secretary to HE the Governor. † In answer to the above the plaintiff replied: Letter No. 3 Chief Minister, Kuching, Sarawak. Malaysia. 17 June 1966. Ref: CM 1/66 A-G Private Secretary to His Excellency the Governor, The Astana, Kuching.Sir, GOV/SEC/144 dated 16 June 1966 I have the honour to refer to your above letter received by me late last evening and regret that I am temporarily indisposed and unable to present myself at the Astana last night. With deepest respect, the proceedings of the meeting of the Council Negri held on 14 June 1966, do not appear to support his Excellency's view that I have lost the confidence of the majority of it's members. In these circumstances, I shall be grateful if I may be supplied with the names of those council members who support the representations referred to in your letter.I shall be grateful if you will convey to his Excellency that, in my view, the proper course to resolve any doubts regarding my ability to command the confidence of the majority of Council Negri members is to arrange for the council to be convened in order that the matter can be put to the constitutional test. In addition to believing that this represents both the democratic course and the best one for Sarawak and Malaysia, it is one which I believe would receive the support of the majority of the people of this State and one whose out-come I would be prepared to abide by.I am, Sir, Your obedient servant, (Signed) SK NINGKAN, Dato' Stephen Kalong Ningkan, Chief Minister of Sarawak. † The vital letter comes next: Letter No. 4 ASTANA, KUCHING, SARAWAK. GOV/SEC/144 17 June 1966. To The Hon'ble Dato' Stephen Kalong Ningkan, PNBS, PDK Kuching, Sarawak. Dear Dato', I have received your letter, Ref CM 1/66 dated 17 June 1966 in reply to my private secretary's letter sent to your yesterday. It is clear from the contents of your letter that you have refused to tender the resignation of the members of the Supreme Council in accordance with art. (1) of the Constitution of the State of Sarawak, although you have ceased to have the confidence of a majority of the members of the Council Negri. I, therefore, declare that you and other members of the Supreme Council have ceased to hold the office with effect forthwith. 2. I am now appointing the Hon'ble Penghulu Tawi Sli. ABS Chief Minister of Sarawak with effect for with. 3. As requested, I forward herewith a list of the name of members of the Council Negri who have made repr esentations to me in person that they have ceased to have confidence in you. Yours sincerely. Enc: (Signed) TUN ABANG HAJI OPENG Governor. The Governor is the first defendant in the present suit and the Honourable Penghulu Tawi Sli is the second defendant. Mr. Kellock has made the point that it was only in this letter and after the dismissal that the names were provided and the names that were provided are a list of 21 names and are the same names that appear on the letter of 14 June. Again on 17 June the plaintiff wrote: Letter No. 5 ‘Pangau Libau' Kuching. 17 June 1966. His Excellency the Governor, Tun Abang Haji Openg, SMN PNBS OBE Astana, Kuching. Your Excellency, I have received, with surprise, your letter (Ref: GOV/SEC/144) of today's date.It is not true that I have refused to tender my resignation – the question of tendering my resignation did not arise until after I received a reply to my letter requesting for the names of the members of the Council Negri. It is clear from the list of the names forwarded to me that the majority of the Council Negri members are not against me, as 21 cannot be the majority of 42. With the utmost respect I have to inform your Excellency that if you appoint the Hon'ble Pengulu Tawi Sli as Chief Minister you would be acting unlawfully and I will have no option but to question my removal in the Court.I am, Sir, Your obedient servant, (Signed) SK NINGKAN. (Dato' Stephen Ralong Ningkan)†. On 17 June the Sarawak Government Gazette Extraordinary announced: Document No. 6 No 117 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF SARAWAK It is hereby published for general information that, with effect from 17 June 1966, the Honourable Dato' Stephen Kalong Ningkan, PNBS, PDK has ceased to be the Chief Minister of Sarawak and the following have ceased to be members of the Supreme Council:The Honourable Dato' James Wong Kim Ming, PNBS The Honourable Dato' Abang Othman bin Abang Haji Moasili.PNBS The Honourable Dato' Dunstan Endawi a nak Enchana, PNBS Teo Kui Seng, PNBS No 1118 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF SARAWAK It is hereby published for general information that the Governor has, in exercise of the powers conferred upon him by article 6(8) of the Constitution of the State of Sarawak, appointed by Instrument under the Public Seal dated 17 June 1966. he Honourable Penghulu Tawi Sli, ABS, to be the Chief Minister of Sarawak. † The plaintiff claims: 1. A declaration of Court that the first defendant as Governor of Sarawak acted unconstitutionally by not complying with the provisions of the Constitution of the State of Sarawak when he declared on 17 June 1966, that the plaintiff has ceased to hold the office of Chief Minister of Sarawak. 2.A declaration of Court that the first defendant should not have relieved the plaintiff from the office of Chief Minister of Sarawak on the ground of representations made to him on 16 June 1966, by members of the Council Negri who preferred to boycott the session of the Council Negri on 14 June 1966, on the ground of alleged loss of confidence in the Chief Minister. 3. A declaration that his purported dismissal by the first defendant was ultra vires, null and void. 4. A declaration that the plaintiff is and has been at all material times Chief Minister of the State of Sarawak. . An injunction restraining the second defendant from acting as the Chief Minister of the State of Sarawak. Respecting this claim, the following articles of the Constitution are relevant: article 1, (1) and (2); article 5; article 6 (1), (2) and (3) article 7 (1), (2) and (3); article 10 (1) and (2) article 11; article 13; article 14(1) (a) to (d) and (2) ; article 21 (1) and (2); article 24 (3); article 41 (1) and (2); article 44 (5). I need not set out all these articles, but would draw particular attention to the following: â€Å"Governor of the State 1. 1) There shall be a Governor of the State, who shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong acting in his discretio n but after consultation with the Chief Minister. (2) The Governor shall be appointed for & term of four years but may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and may be removed from office by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in pursuance of an address by the Council Negri supported by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of the members â€Å"Executive authority 5.The executive authority of the State shall be vested in the Governor but executive functions may by law be conferred on other persons. † â€Å"The Supreme Council 6. (1) There shall be a Supreme Council to advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions. (2) The Supreme Council shall consist of a Chief Minister and not more than eight nor less than four other members appointed in accordance with cl (2). 3) The Governor shall appoint an Chief Minister a member of the Council Negri who in his judgment in likely to command the confidence of a m ajority of the members of the Council Negri and shall appoint the other members in accordance with the advice of the Chief Minister from among the members of the Council Negri. (6) The Supreme Council shall be collectively responsible to the council Negri. â€Å"Tenure of office of members of Supreme Council 7. (1) If the Chief Minister to command the confidence of a majority of the members of the Council Negri, then, unless at his request the Governor dissolves the Council Negri, the Chief Minister shall tender the resignation of the members of the Supreme Council. (2) A member of the Supreme Council may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to theGovernor, and a member of the Supreme Council other than the Chief Minister shall also vacate his office if his appointment thereto in revoked by the Governor acting in accordance with the advice of the Chief Minister. (3) Subject to cll (1) and (2), a member of the Supreme Council other than the Chief Ministe r shall hold office at the Governor's pleasure. † â€Å"Governor to act on advise 10. 1) In the exercise of his functions under this Constitution or any other law, or as a member of the Conference of Rulers, the Governor shall act in accordance with the advice of the Supreme Council or of a member thereof acting under the general authority of the council, except as otherwise provided by the Federal Constitution or this Constitution; but shag be entitled, at his request, to any information concerning the government of the State which in available to the Supreme Council. 2) The Governor may act in his discretion in the performance of the following functions- OPENG (a) the appointment of a Chief Minister; (b) the withholding of consent to a request for the dissolution of the Council Negri. † â€Å"Procedure of Council Negri 24. (1).. (2).. (3) Subject to cll (5) and (6) and to cl (2) of article 41, the Council Negri shall, if not unanimous, take its decision by a simple m ajority of members voting; and the Speaker or member presiding shall cast a vote whenever necessary to avoid an equality of votes but shall not vote in any other case. â€Å"Interpretation 44. (1) .. (2) .. (3) .. (4) .. (5) The Interpretation Ordinance, as in force at the commencement of this Constitution, shall apply 2 for the purpose of interpreting this Constitution and otherwise in relation thereto as it applies for the purpose of interpreting and otherwise in relation to a written law within the meaning of that Ordinance. † Section 21 of the Interpretation Ordinance (Cap. ) reads as follows:†Power to appoint includes power to dismiss 21. Whenever any written law confers upon any person or authority a power to make appointments to any office or place, the power shall be construed as including a power to dismiss or suspend any person appointed and to appoint another person temporarily in the place of any person so suspended, or in place of any sick or absent holder of such office or place:Provided that, where the power of such person or authority to make such appointment is only exercisable upon the recommendation or subject to the approval or consent of some other person or authority, such power of dismissal shall only be exercisable upon the recommendation or subject to the approval or consent of such other person or authority. † Section 2 (1) of the same Ordinance reads:Application 2. 1) Save where the contrary intention appears the provisions of this Ordinance shall apply to this Ordinance and to any written law now or hereafter in force made by competent authority in Sarawak and to any instrument made or issued thereunder. † The following definition from the Interpretation Ordinance was not cited by Counsel on either side: Governor in his discretion and ‘Governor acting in his discretion' mean that, in respect of the power concerned, the Governor shall not be obliged to consult with the Supreme Council in the exercise th ereof. The main arguments for the plaintiff are that (a) the Governor has no power of dismissal, and (b) if he has a power or a discretion it must not be exercised arbitrarily or capriciously. The defence contends that there Is no question of the Governor's power being merely discretionary; in certain circumstances – particularly where there are infractions of the Constitution for which no sanction or remedy is provided – the Governor has not only a power but a duty to act. The defence further contends that lack of confidence describes a state of mind. Article 7(1). Whether a Chief Minister has or has not ceased to command the confidence of a majority is a matter for the Governor's personal assessment. Moreover, â€Å"the rules for the construction of statutes are like those which apply to the construction of other documents, especially as regards one crucial rule, viz that, if it is possible, the words of a statute must be construed so as to give a sensible meaning t o them. The words ought to be construed ut res magis valeat quam pereat. † MPHASIS v. Stovin [1889], 22 QBD 513 at p. 17). â€Å"If the Chief Minister ceases to command the confidence of a majority of the members of the Council Negri, then, unless at his request the Governor dissolves the Council Negri, the Chief Minister shall tender the resignation of the members of the Supreme Council. † (Article 7 (1) ). The first question which arises is how the lack of confidence is to be expressed: can such lack of confidence be assessed only by a vote on the floor of the House (if I may use this word in its general application) ?The Federal Supreme Court of Nigeria was of opinion that the constitutional method (in Nigeria) of measuring lack of confidence required a decision or resolution on the floor of the House. (Adegbenro v. Akintola [1963] 3 WLR 63 distinguished). The Privy Council took an opposite view and held that there was no limitation as to the material by which lack o f confidence should be assessed. Does the same rule of construction apply in Sarawak as in Nigeria? I will not apologise for quoting at length from the case of Adegbenro v.Akintola, and I would draw attention at the start to the following passage (at p. 72): â€Å"†¦ there are many good arguments to discourage a Governor from exercising his power of removal except upon indisputable evidence of actual voting in the House †¦. † If one starts, as I think one should start, with the rule that a vote on the floor of the House is the normal test of lack of confidence, then one is in a better position to consider the exceptions to the rule. Now I cite from Adegbenro v. Akintola: By s. 33 of the Constitution of Western Nigeria: ‘(10) †¦. he Ministers of the Government of the Region shall hold office during the Governor's pleasure: Provided that – (a) the Governor shall not remove the Premier from office unless it appears to him that the Premier no longer co mmands the support of a majority of the members of the House of Assembly; †¦. ‘ The Governor of the Western Region of Nigeria, following upon the receipt of a letter signed by 66 members of the House of Assembly – which was composed of 124 members – stating that they no longer supported the Premier, the present respondent, removed him from office and appointed the appellant in his place.There had been no vote adverse to the respondent in the House prior to his removal. Thereafter, in proceedings instituted by the respondent challenging the Governor's right to remove him. the following issues were referred by the High Court of the Western Region to the Federal Supreme Court of Nigeria Pursuant to s. 108 of the Constitution of the Federation: ‘(1) Can the Governor validly exercise power to remove the Premier from office under s. 3, subs (10), of the Constitution of Western Nigeria without prior decision or resolution on the floor of the House of Assembly showing that the Premier no longer commands the support of a majority of the House? (2) Can the Governor validly exercise power to remove the Premier from office under s. 33(10) †¦. on the basis of any materials or information extraneous to the proceedings of the House of Assembly? ‘ The Federal Supreme Court answered the first question in the negative, thus holding that the respondent had not been validly removed from office, and found it unnecessary to answer the second question.On appeal by the appellant †¦. Held (1)†¦. (2) There was nothing either the scheme or provision of the Constitution of Western Nigeria which legally precluded the Governor from forming his opinion on the basis of anything but votes formally given on the door of the House. By the use of the words ‘it appears to him' in s. 33(10) the Judgment as to the support enjoyed by a Premier was left to the Governor's own assessment and there was no limitation as to the material on which he might resort for the purpose. Accordingly, both the questions referred to the Federal Supreme Court should be answered in the affirmative.Decision of the Federal Supreme Court of Nigeria reversed. † The judgment of their Lordships was delivered by Viscount Radcliffe: †¦. The question to which an answer has to be found is of obvious importance, but it lies, nevertheless, within a very small compass. Its decision turns upon the meaning to be attached to the wording of s. 33(10) of the Constitution of Western Nigeria, read, an it should be, in the context of any other provisions of the Constitution that may legitimately influence its meaning. It in clear, to begin with, that the Governor is invested with some power to dismiss the Premier.Logically, that power is a consequence of the enactment that Ministers shall hold office during the Governor's pleasure, for, subject to the saving conditions of provisos (a) and (b) that follow, the Governor has only to withdraw his pleasur e for a Minister's tenure of office to be brought to an end. Where the Premier's office in concerned it in so (a) that limits the Governors power to withdraw his pleasure constitutionally, for by that proviso he is precluded from removing the Premier from office ‘unless it appears to him that the Premier no longer commands the support of a majority of the members of the House of Assembly. By these words therefore, the power of removal is at once recognised and conditioned: and, since the condition of constitutional action has been reduced to the formula of these words for the purpose of the written Constitution, it is their construction and nothing else that must determine the issue. What, then, is the meaning of the words â€Å"the Premier no longer commands the support of a majority of the member†? It has been said, and said truly, that the phrase is derived from the constitutional understandings that support the unwritten, or rather partly unwritten, Constitution of the United Kingdom.It recognises the basic assumption of that Constitution, as it has been developed, that, so long † the elected House of Representatives is in being, a majority of its members who are prepared to act to together with some cohesion is entitled to determine the effective leadership of the Government of the day. It recognises also one other principle that has come to be accepted in the United Kingdom: that, subject to questions as to the right of dissolution and appeal to the electorate, a Prime Minister ought not to remain office as such once it has been established that he has ceased to command the support of a majority of the House.But, when that is said, the practical application of these principles to a given situation if it arose in the United Kingdom, would depend less upon any simple statement of principle than upon the actual facts of that situation and the good sense and political sensitivity of the main actors called upon to take part. It is said, too , that the ‘support' that in to be considered is nothing else than support in the proceedings of the House itself, and with this proposition also their Lordships are in agreement. They do not think, however, that it is in itself a very pregnant observation.No doubt, everything comes back in the end to the question what action the members of a party or a group or a combination are resolved to take in proceedings on the floor of the House; but in democratic politics speeches or writings outside the House, party meeting, speeches or activities inside the House short of actual voting are all capable of contributing evidence to indicate what action this or that member has decided to take when and if he is called upon to vote in the House, and it appears to their Lordships somewhat unreal to try to draw a firm dividing line between votes and other demonstrations where the issue of ‘support' is oncerned. This, indeed, is the crux of the question that has now been raised. The re spondent maintains, and it is implied in the decision that he has obtained from the Federal Supreme Court, that the Governor cannot constitutionally take account of anything in the matter of ‘support' except the record of votes actually given on the floor of the House.Consequently, it is said, his action in removing the first respondent from the Premiership on the strength, it appears, of the letter address to him by the 66 members of the House referred to and without waiting until there had been an adverse vote in the House itself was not within the powers conferred upon him by the Constitution. The difficulty of limiting the statutory power of the Governor in this way is that the limitation is not to be found in the words in which the makers of the Constitution have decided to record their description of his powers.By the words they have employed in their formula, ‘it appears to him', the judgment as to the support enjoyed by a Premier is left to the Governors own asse ssment and there is no limitation as to the material on which he is to base his judgment or the contacts to which he may resort for the purpose. There would have been no difficulty at all in so limiting him if it had been intended to do no. For instance, he might have been given power to act only after the passing of a resolution of the House ‘that it has no confidence in the Government of the Region', the very phrase employed in an adjoining section of the Constitution (see s. 1 (4), proviso (b) ) to delimit the Governor's power of dissolving the House even without the Premier's advice. According to any ordinary rule of construction weight must be given to the fact that the Governor's power of removal is not limited in such precise terms as would confine his judgment to the actual proceedings of the House, unless there are compulsive reasons, to be found in the context of the Constitution or to be deduced from obvious general principles, that would impose the more limited mea ning for which the respondent contends.Their Lordships have not discovered any such reasons. It is one thing to point out the dangers of a Governor arriving at any conclusion â€Å"to his Premier†s support in the House except upon the incontrovertible evidence of votes recorded there on some crucial issue. There are indeed such danger Expressions of opinion, attitude or intention upon such a delicate matter may well prove to be delusive. He may Judge the situation wrongly and so find himself to have taken a critical step in a direction which is proved to be contrary to the wishes of the majority of the House or of the electorate.Again, if he is not to rely an his Premier for advice as to the balance of support in the House, he is likely to And that he is in effect consulting indirectly the views of opposition leaders who may turn out in the event to be no more than an opposition: or he will find himself backing the political judgments conveyed to him by his own private advise rs against the political judgment of the Premier himself All these are real dangers which any Governor proposing to act under his power of removal would need to bear in mind, since, if he ignores them, he would run the risk of placing the constitutional sovereign power, whose representative he in, in conflict with the will of the elected House of Representatives whose majority is for the time being expressed in the person of the Premier.Anyone familiar with the constitutional history and development of the United Kingdom would naturally dwell upon these aspects of the Sovereign's position, if he was invited to advise a Governor as to the circumstances and occasions upon which he could wisely exercise his power of removal. But, while there may be formidable arguments in favour of the Governor confining his conclusion on such a point to the recorded voting in the House, if the impartiality of the constitutional sovereign in not to be in danger of compromise, the arguments are consider ations of policy and propriety which it in for him to weigh on each particular occasion: they are not legal restrictions which a Court of law, interpreting the relevant provisions of the Constitution, can import into the written document and make it his legal duty to observe.To sum up, there are many food arguments to discourage a Governor from exercising his power of removal except upon indisputable evidence of actual voting in the House, but it is nonetheless impossible to say that situations cannot arise in which these arguments are outweighed by considerations which afford-to the Governor the evidence he is to look for, even without the testimony of recorded votes. Another argument has been advanced to the effect that the Nigerian Constitutions are modelled on the current constitutional doctrines of the United Kingdom, and, since the British Sovereign would not be regarded as acting with constitutional propriety in dismissing a Prime Minister from office without the foundation o f an adverse vote on a major issue in the House of Commons, so the Governor in Western Nigeria must similarly be treated as precluded from exercising his power of removal in the absence of a vote of the awe kind.This approach to the matter appears to their Lordships to have had some influence upon the view taken by the majority of the Federal Supreme Court in this case, and, since it seems capable of conveying an implication that could be misleading in other situations apart from the present one, their Lordships wish to make two observations upon it. The first is that British constitutional history does not offer any but a general negative guide as to the circumstances in which a Sovereign can dismiss a Prime Minister. Since the principles which are accepted today began to take shape with the passing of the Reform Bill of 1832 no British Sovereign has in fact dismissed or removed a Prime Minister, even allowing for the ambiguous exchanges which took place between William IV and Lord Melbourne in 1834.Discussion of constitutional doctrine bearing upon a Prime Minister's loss of support in the House of Commons concentrates therefore upon a Prime Minister's duty to ask for liberty to resign or for a dissolution, rather than upon the Sovereign's right of removal, an exercise of which is not treated as being within the scope of practical politics. In this state of affairs it is vain to look to British precedent for guidance upon the circumstances in which or the evidential material upon which a Prime Minister can be dismissed, where dismissal is an actual possibility: and the right or removal which is explicitly recognised in the Nigerian Constitutions must be interpreted according to the wording of its own limitations and not to limitations which that wording does not import. . †¦ t is in the end the wording of the Constitution itself that is to be interpreted and applied, and this wording can never be overridden by the extraneous principles of other Constitu tions which are not explicitly incorporated in the formulae that have been chosen as the frame of this Constitution. † In my view the Privy Council's judgment relating to the Constitution of Nigeria does not apply to the Constitution of Sarawak because of the following distinguishing features and circumstances: (1) In the Nigerian case it was mathematically beyond question that more than half the House no longer supported the Premier. (2) The measurement in Nigeria was a measurement of â€Å"support†, not of â€Å"confidence†. The Sarawak Constitution is dated subsequent to the decision of Adegbenro v.Akintola, and it does seem to me that the â€Å"confidence† of a majority of members, being a term of art, may imply reference to a vote such as a vote of confidence or a vote on a major issue. (3) In Nigeria it was not disputed that the Governor had express power to remove the Premier from office if he no longer commanded support. (4) In Nigeria the Governor had express power to assess the situation â€Å"as it appeared to him†. (5) In Nigeria all Ministers, including the Premier, held office â€Å"during the Governor's pleasure†; although there was an important proviso to this. All the above five points were peculiar to Nigeria, and not one of them applies to Sarawak. These distinguishing features force me in the present case to a conclusion converse to the Privy Council decision.It seems to me that by the provisions of the Sarawak Constitution, lack of confidence may be demonstrated only by a vote in Council Negri. Men who put their names to a â€Å"Top Secret† letter may well hesitate to vote publicly in support of their private views. The third of the five points listed above obviously requires further consideration. Has the Governor in Sarawak power at all to dismiss the Chief Minister? In considering this question, we may start with s. 21 of the Interpretation Ordinance, the general effect of which is that wh ere there is power to appoint (and it is not disputed that the Governor has power to appoint a Chief Minister) there is power to dismiss.However, where the appointment is â€Å"subject to the approval †¦. of some other person the power of dismissal shall only be exercisable†¦. subject to the approval†¦. of such other person. † If the appointment of a Chief Minister is subject to the approval of Council Negri, then by this s. 21 dismissal also would be subject to its approval. Further, in principle, Council Negri should manage its own affairs. A Governor is limited by article 6(3) of the Constitution to appointing as Chief Minister a member of Council Negri who in his judgment is likely to command its confidence (and approval) : thereafter it follows, by s. 21 of the Interpretation Ordinance, that only hen Council Negri has shown lack of confidence (and lack of approval), can the Governor's power to dismiss, if it exists, be exercised. Of course, if the Sarawak Constitution lays down that a Chief Minister may not be dismissed at all, then the defendants have no case and the Interpretation Ordinance cannot apply. The Sarawak Constitution does in fact direct in article 7(3) that all Ministers other than the Chief Minister hold office at the Governor's pleasure. According to Mr. Le Quesne this means that Ministers other than the Chief Minister may be dismissed â€Å"at the Governor's pleasure†, whereas the Chief Minister may only be dismissed for cause.If the cause for dismissal is limited to the case of an adverse vote, then this interpretation does not help defendants. In my view, however, the suggested interpretation is altogether false. Article 7(3) clearly means that the Governor may dismiss Ministers but may not dismiss the Chief Minister in any circumstances. A lot has been said about the duty and powers and discretion of the Governor. His paramount duty is to â€Å"act in accordance with the advice of the Supreme Council or of a member thereof acting under the general authority of the Council†. (Article 10(1). There are two occasions when the Governor has a discretion, that is, when he can act without, or even contrary to, the advice of the Supreme Council.Those occasions are in the performance of the following functions (a) the appointment of a Chief Minister; (b) the withholding of consent to a request for the dissolution of the Council Negri. (Article 10 (2) ). As regards (a), nobody could be so foolish as to suggest that a Governor could appoint a second Chief Minister while there was still one in office. As regards (b), this probably has in mind a situation of splinter parties, as has been the case in France, when a general election could not be expected to show an overall majority for any one party. In Sarawak, it seems to me that a Chief Minister may advise a dissolution, even though he has not as yet lost the confidence of Council Negri. In such circumstances, the Governor's refusal to diss olve might be conventionally unconstitutional, although not illegal.To revert to the comparison of the Constitutions of Sarawak and of Nigeria, these Constitutions are so different that a contrast in powers must be intended: in Sarawak the Chief Minister's dismissal is quite simply beyond the powers of the Governor. If the Constitution, however, should be construed as giving to the Governor a power to dismiss, that power can only be exercised – and I think that this was conceded by Mr. Le Quesne – when both (a) the Chief Minister has lost the confidence of the House, and (b) the Chief Minister has refused to resign and failed to advise a dissolution. I have already dealt with (a) ; as regards (b), I do not think that the Chief Minister of Sarawak was ever given a reasonable opportunity to tender his resignation or to request a dissolution.He was never even shown the letter on which the dismissal was based until Court proceedings started, although it is true that at the moment of dismissal a list of signatories was sent to him with the letter from the Governor dated 17 June that list and that letter were typed on the same date as the publication in the Gazette of the dismissal of the plaintiff, who was given no time at all to consider the weight or effect of the move against him. Plaintiff did not refuse to resign: he merely expressed doubts whether in fact he had ceased to command a majority and requested â€Å"that the matter be put to the constitutional test†. A word may be said on what is the position if a Chief Minister has in fact ceased to command the confidence of a majority, and yet refuses to resign. In this situation at least, Mr.Le Quesne claims that the Governor must have a right of dismissal; otherwise the Constitution would be unworkable. Mr. Le Quesne's argument in effect is: if there is a gap, it must be filled: if there is no express power to enforce the resignation of a Chief Minister, that power must by implication lie w ith the Governor. I do not agree that stopgaps can be, as it were, improvised. In article 1 of the Constitution, a gap would appear to exist whenever the necessary address to remove the Governor is made to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and the latter'y refuses to dismiss him. Just because a Chief Minister or a Governor does not go when he ought to go is not sufficient reason for implying in the Constitution an enforcing power vested in some individual.R is, however, reasonable that in certain situations the Courts could expound the Constitution by declaratory judgments. Articles or clauses to cover all situations need not be set out in a Constitution because the residue of discretionary power is left in the Courts. Extraordinary situations do not often arise, and need not be met or considered until they do. Dicey has a whole chapter on â€Å"The Sanction by which the Conventions of the Constitution are enforced†. (Chapter XV: The law of the Constitution: AV Dicey (10th Edn. ) pp 444 to 457. ) †¦. the nation expects that a Minister who cannot retain the confidence of the House of Commons, shall give up his place, and no Premier even dreams of disappointing these expectations. † (at p. 44) But the sanction which constrains the boldest political adventurer to obey the fundamental principles of the constitution and the conventions in which these principles are expressed, is the fact that the breach of principles and of these conventions will almost immediately bring the offender into conflict with the Courts and the law of the land. † (at p. 445) . .. the one essential principle of the constitution is obedience by all persons to the deliberately expressed will of the House of Commons in the first instance, and ultimately to the will of the nation as expressed through Parliament. † (at p. 456) Of course, therefore, a Minister or a Ministry must resign if the House passes a vote of want of confidence. † (at p. 457) Dicey is speaking of the British Constitution, but the same principles apply mutatis mutandis to the Constitution of Sarawak. The constitutional way out both for a British Prime Minister and for a Sarawak Chief Minister is not by dismissal but by resignation.We need not speculate on what would happen if occasion arose for a resignation, and a Chief Minister refused to resign. ‘In the instant case, the Chief Minister has not refused to resign, and there is no power to dismiss him. He has already indicated through his Counsel that he was prepared to consider a dissolution and presently an election. That political solution may well be the only way to avoid a multiplicity of legal complications. Possibly all parties, and the people of this nation, in whom sovereignty is supposed to lie, will wish the same solution. In some political situations a judicial duty to rule upon the legal merits of the case may have to be accepted as an inescapable obligation †¦.In an atmosphere highly charged with p olitical tension the task of the Judges may be acutely embarrassing, especially if they are called upon to decide between two claimants to legitimate political power, of whom one commands the effective means of imposing his will and the other is able to marshal equally or more persuasive legal arguments. † (â€Å"The New Commonwealth and its Constitutions†: SA de Smith, p. 87) Embarrassing as it may be, my task is simply to interpret the written word of the Constitution. On such interpretation the case presented in the statement of claim is unchallengeable. There will be judgment for the plaintiff as prayed. Judgment for the plaintiff.